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Nagarjuna - Works & Philosophy


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One of the most important philosophers of Buddhism and the founder of the Madhyamika school.  Hardly any reliable dates for his life (2d/3d century) are known.  Numerous works are attributed to him that were probably written by various other authors.  His most important authentic work is the Madhyamaka-karika (Memorial Verses on the Middle Teaching).  It contains the essentials of Nagarjuna's thought in twenty-seven short chapters (400 verses). 
    He developed a special dialectic based on a reductio ad absurdum of opponents' positions.  Starting from the premise that each thing exists only in virtue of its opposite, he shows that all things are only relative and without essence (svabhavata), i.e., are empty (shunyata).  Nagarjuna's methodological approach of rejecting all opposites is the basis of the Middle Way of the Madhyamika; it is directly connected with the teaching of the Buddha.  This middle position is clearly expressed in the "eight negations": no elimination (nirodha), no production, no destruction, no eternity, no unity, no manifoldness, no arriving, no departing. 
    Nagarjuna attempts to show the emptiness of the world through the relativity of opposites.  Opposites are mutually dependent; one member of a pair of opposites can only arise through the other.  From this he draws the conclusion that such entities cannot really exist, since the existence of one presupposes the existence of the other.
    A central notion in his proofs is that of non-essentiality: the tings of the phenomenal world possess no essence.  An essence is eternal, immutable, and independent of all other essences; but the things of the world of appearance arise and pass away--they are empty.
  Read more from: Shambhala Dictionary of Buddhism and Zen   

 
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Buddhist Philosophers book Buddhist Philosophers: Gautama Buddha, Nagarjuna, Candrakirti, Asanga, Shantideva, Dogen, Longchenpa, Linji, B. R. Ambedkar, 14th Dalai Lama by Books LLC - Chapters: Gautama Buddha, Nagarjuna, Candrakīrti, Asanga, Shantideva, Dōgen, Longchenpa, Linji, B. R. Ambedkar, 14th Dalai Lama, Padmasambhava, Chögyam Trungpa, Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, Masao Abe, D. T. Suzuki, Atisha, Mazu Daoyi, Zongmi, Yin Shun, Robert Magliola, Piya Tan, Sangharakshita, Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Khenchen Palden Sherab, Yunmen Wenyan, Hakuin Ekaku, Je Tsongkhapa, Ajahn Thate, Paul Carus, Nanavira Thera, Huineng, Chokyong Palga Rinpoche, Ajahn Chah, Indrabhuti, Pema Chödrön, Milarepa, Jigdal Dagchen Sakya, Zhiyi, Steven Heine, Edward Salim Michael, Śāntarakṣita, Wonhyo, Bhāvaviveka, Lawapa, Christopher Titmuss, Reginald Ray, Kamalaśīla, Sri Singha, Ajahn Sumedho, Naropa, Kumārajīva, Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo, Kukuraja, Vasubandhu, Sister Vajira, Thich Nhat Tu, Kitaro Nishida, Martine Batchelor, Walpola Rahula, Gudo Wafu Nishijima, Stephen Batchelor, Tilopa, Mahasi Sayadaw, Balangoda Ananda Maitreya, Chatral Rinpoche, Karma Kagyu, Taitetsu Unno, Dharmakirti, Vairotsana, Namkhai Nyingpo, Abhayakaragupta, Chandragomin, Marpa Lotsawa, Ledi Sayadaw, Roger Corless, Dignāga, Uisang, Dhardo Rimpoche, David Loy, Taranatha, Gö Khugpa, Subhuti, Hammalawa Saddhatissa, Thubten Gyatso, Aryadeva, Aśvaghoṣa, Ennin, Gö Lotsawa, Keiji Nishitani, Rinchen Zangpo, Keian Genju, Jnanasutra, Gorampa, Elizabeth Burns, Jinul, Dhammapala, Won Gwang, Tashi Tsering, Dharmarakṣa, Yungtön Dorjepel, Enchin, Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Hajime Nakamura, Dharmarakshita, Shin'ichi Hisamatsu, Maitreya-Nātha, Haribhadra, Ajahn Sundara, Bodhisena, Nick Ribush, Sthiramati, Tanzan, Hiro Sachiya, Sengzhao, Yumo Mikyo Dorje, Uicheon, Buddhapālita, Dagpo Tashi Namgyal, Zhi Dun. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 560. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, usually shortened...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=20238168


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 Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy by David F Burton - Book - Emptiness means that all entities are empty of, or lack, inherent existence - entities have a merely conceptual, constructed existence. Though Nagarjuna advocates the Middle Way, his philosophy of emptiness nevertheless entails nihilism, and his critiques of the Nyaya theory of knowledge are shown to be unconvincing.

 

Emptiness Appraised: A Critical Study of Nagarjuna's Philosophy by David F Burton
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenBookReviews/emptiness_appraised.pdf

 Emptiness of Emptiness: an Introduction to Early Madhyamika by C W Huntington

 

 


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 Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way: Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika by Nagarjuna
Throughout this profoundly logical text, N ag arjuna meets contrasting dialectical arguments, thereby proving that all phenomena are empty of inherent existence and nothing originates independently of anything else. He forges a middle path between conventional and ultimate truths. In his comments, Garfield compares this complex doctrine with Western philosophical concepts of emptiness and essence, demonstrating its empirical stature.

 


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Indo-Tibetan Madhyamika Studies - Card catalog description - papers - Chiefly papers presented at the third Monastic Dialogue Seminar on "Madhyamika School of Buddhism" held at Drepung Monastic University, in 1989.

 Introduction to the Middle Way: Chandrakirti's Madhyamakavatara with Commentary by Jamgön Mipham - Description: Chandrakirti is one of several Indian thinkers whose treatises were brought to Tibet and whose realized teachings about the nature of the mind are the foundation of Tibetan Buddhist thought. Hidden in his verses are the guideposts to enlightenment, composed in this way to help those students who have received instruction to commit it to memory. Mipham's commentary, presented in thorough outline form, offers a point-by-point explanation of Chandrakirti's meaning.

Introduction - Madhyamika - Taken from a teaching given at Karma Triyana Dharmachakra on the weekend of October 24, 1986. Translated by Lama Yeshe Gyamtso and edited by Krista Schwimmer.
http://www.purifymind.com/Tibetan.html

 Introduction to the Philosophy of Nagarjuna by Musahi Tachikawa - Description: This book is a study of the Mulamadhya-makakarika (Middle Stanzas), the chief work of Nagarjuna. The Middle Stanzas is a treatise that integrates the concepts of dependent co-arising (Pratityasamutpada) and emptiness (Sunyata), fundamental to the thought of Mahayana Buddhism, but the manner in which Nagarjuna develops his arguments is unusual and the middle Stanzas has acquired a reputation as a difficult work.

 

Is Madhyamaka Buddhism Really the Middle Way? by David Burton
http://www.westernbuddhistreview.com/vol3/madhyamaka.html


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 Jnanagarbha's Commentary on the Distinction Between the Two Truths by Malcolm David Eckel

 

 


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Key to Madhyamika by Bstan-dzin-rgya-mtsho - unknown binding


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Language Against its own Mystifications: Deconstruction in Nagarjuna and Dogen by David R Loy
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/DogenStudies/LanguageAgainst.htm


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 Madman's Middle Way: Reflections on Reality of the Tibetan Monk Gendun Chopel by Donald S Lopez

 

 

Madhyamika and Shentong
http://luminousemptiness.blogspot.com/2004/08/madhyamika-and-shentong-4.html

 Madhyamika and Yogacara: A Study of Mahayana Philosophies: Collected papers of G M Nagao by Gadjin M Nagao
About the Author -- Gadjin M. Nagao is Professor Emeritus of Buddhist Studies at Kyoto University, Japan. He is the author of The Foundational Standpoint of Madhyamika Philosophy, also published by SUNY Press. Leslie S. Kawamura is Professor of Religious Studies at the University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

 

Madhyamika Mind by Harsh Narain - book - The author essays in this work the task of demonstrating with a wealth of documentation that it is difficult to resist the conclusion that Madhyamika philosophy, styled Sunyavada, is Universal, Total, or Absolute Nihilism/Illusionism, indeed so Absolute a Nihilism/Illusionism that it leaves absolutely no room for religion and mysticism.

 Middle Beyond Extremes: Maitrey's Madhyantavibhanga with Commentaries by Khenpo Shenga and Ju Mipham by Translated by the Dharmackra Translation Committee

 

 

 Moon of Wisdom: Chapter Six of Chandeakirti's entering the Middle Way with Commentary from the Eight Karmapa Mikyo Dorje's kagyu Siddhas by Chandrakirti

 


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Naagaarjuna, The Philosophy of the Middle Way by Kenneth K Inada
http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-JOCP/inada1.htm

Nagarjuna and Chi-Tsang on the Value of "This World": A Reply to Kuang-ming Wu's Critique of Indian and Chinese Madhyamika Buddhism by Robert Magliola
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/Nagarjuna_and_ChiaTsang.pdf

Nagarjuna and the Doctrine of "Skillful Means"  by John Schroeder - The role of "skillful means" is examined in relation to the important Mahayana philosopher Nagarjuna, and it is argued that the doctrine of "emptiness" is best understood as a critical reflection on the nature of Buddhist praxis.
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/Nagarjuna_and_Skillful_Means.htm

Nagarjuna and the Philosophy of Openness by Nancy McCagney - book

Nagarjuna and the Limits of Thought by Jay L Garfield - a long essay about Nagarjuna's contradictions
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/NagarjunaTheLimitsOfThought.pdf

Nagarjuna: Master of Paradox, Mystic or Perpetrator of Fallacies? by Richard P Hayes
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/Master_of_Paradox.pdf

Nagarjuna's Middle Way by Jonah Winters
http://bahai-library.com/personal/jw/other.pubs/nagarjuna/index.html

 Nagarjuna's Seventy Stanzas: A Buddhist Psychology of Emptiness by David Ross Komito

 

 


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 Ocean of Reasoning: A Great Commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika by Rje Tsong Khapa - Book - Tsong khapa (14th-15th centuries) is arguably the most important and influential philosopher in Tibetan history. His Ocean of Reasoning is the most extensive and perhaps the deepest extant commentary on Nagarjuna's Mulamadhyamakakarika (Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way)... It discusses alternative readings of the text and prior commentaries and provides a detailed exegesis, constituting a systematic presentation of Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophy.

On the Soteriological Significance of Emptiness by Mark Siderits - When it comes to interpreting the Madhyamaka doctrine of emptiness (s´u¯nyata¯), we presently find ourselves with an embarrassment of riches. As concerns the meaning of this doctrine (as it is found in the works of Na¯ga¯rjuna and his followers), there is a wide array of competing views, with little evidence of an emerging consensus.
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/On_Soteriological_Significance_Emptiness.html

Open Door to Emptiness: A discussion of Madhyamika Logic - book - The concept of emptiness which was taught by the Buddha and was greatly expounded on by the great master Nagarjuna is not easy to grasp. But Thrangu Rinpoche, who is well known for taking very complex Buddhist subjects and making them accessible to the Buddhist practitioner, gives a detailed set of logical arguments based on ordinary life experiences on this topic. He bases this unique work on Mipham Rinpoche's great treatise, The Gateway to Knowledge.


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 Path to the Middle: Oral Madhyamika Philosophy in tibet: The spoken Scholarship of Kensur Yeshey Tupden by Anne Carolyn Klein

 

 

Problem of the Historical Nagarjuna Revisited by Ian Mabbett
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/The_problem_of_historical_Nagarjuna.htm


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 Reflexive Nature of Awareness: A Tibetan Madhyamaka Defence by Paul Williams - book - This is the first book length study of its subject, and also includes a reprint of a previous paper by Williams on the reflexive nature of awareness, as well as the relevant Tibetan texts from Mi pham. The book will be of interest to all students of Indian and Tibetan Madhyamaka, as well as associated areas of Buddhist thought such as Yogacara and the philosophy of Dharmakirti.

 

Religious Dimensions of Madhyamika Buddhism by Fredrick J Streng
http://www.shantideva.net/madhyamika.htm

Rise of the Mahayana - buddhanet.net
http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/maha2.htm


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 Studies in the Middle Way: Being Thoughts on Buddhism Applied by Chris Humphreys

 

 

 Sun of Wisdom: Teachings on the Noble Nagarjuna's Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way by Khenpo Tsultrim Gyamtso - book - The Fundamental Wisdom of the Middle Way was written in the second century and is one of the most important works of Nagarjuna, the pioneering commentator on the Buddha's teachings on the Madhyamika or Middle Way view. The subtle analyses presented in this treatise were closely studied and commented upon by many realized masters from the Indo-Tibetan Buddhist tradition. Using Nagarjuna's root text and the great modern master Ju Mipham's commentary as a framework, Khenpo Tsültrim Gyamtso explains the most important verse from each chapter in the text in a style that illuminates for modern students both the meaning of these profound teachings and how to put them into practice in a way that benefits both oneself and others.


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Time in Madhyamika buddhism and Modern Physics by Victor Mansfield
http://www.lightlink.com/vic/time.html

 Two Truths Debate: Tsongkhapa and Gorampa on the Middle Way by Sonam Thakchoe
The Middle Way is a central idea for all Buddhists, yet its definition varies across Buddhist cultures. In Tibetan Buddhism, the interpretation of what are called the two truths — the truth of conventional appearances and the ultimate truth of emptiness — is especially contentious. This comparative analysis examines the differing approaches toward the Middle Way taken by the two great Buddhist scholars, Tsongkhapa and Gorampa. It demonstrates how philosophical positions have dramatic implications both for how one approaches Buddhist practice and for how one ultimately understands enlightenment itself.


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Vietnamese Philosphers book Vietnamese Philosophers: Buddhist Philosophers, Gautama Buddha, Nagarjuna, Candrakirti, Asanga, Shantideva, Dogen, Longchenpa, Linji by Books LLC - Chapters: Buddhist Philosophers, Gautama Buddha, Nagarjuna, Candrakīrti, Asanga, Shantideva, Dōgen, Longchenpa, Linji, B. R. Ambedkar, 14th Dalai Lama, Padmasambhava, Chögyam Trungpa, Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso, Masao Abe, D. T. Suzuki, Atisha, Mazu Daoyi, Zongmi, Yin Shun, Robert Magliola, Piya Tan, Sangharakshita, Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen, Khenchen Palden Sherab, Yunmen Wenyan, Hakuin Ekaku, Je Tsongkhapa, Ajahn Thate, Paul Carus, Nanavira Thera, Huineng, Chokyong Palga Rinpoche, Ajahn Chah, Indrabhuti, Pema Chödrön, Milarepa, Jigdal Dagchen Sakya, Zhiyi, Steven Heine, Edward Salim Michael, Śāntarakṣita, Wonhyo, Bhāvaviveka, Lawapa, Christopher Titmuss, Reginald Ray, Kamalaśīla, Sri Singha, Ajahn Sumedho, Naropa, Kumārajīva, Rongzom Chokyi Zangpo, Kukuraja, Vasubandhu, Sister Vajira, Thich Nhat Tu, Kitaro Nishida, Martine Batchelor, Walpola Rahula, Gudo Wafu Nishijima, Stephen Batchelor, Tilopa, Mahasi Sayadaw, Balangoda Ananda Maitreya, Chatral Rinpoche, Karma Kagyu, Taitetsu Unno, Dharmakirti, Vairotsana, Namkhai Nyingpo, Tran Duc Thao, Abhayakaragupta, Chandragomin, Marpa Lotsawa, Ledi Sayadaw, Roger Corless, Dignāga, Uisang, Dhardo Rimpoche, David Loy, Taranatha, Gö Khugpa, Subhuti, Hammalawa Saddhatissa, Thubten Gyatso, Aryadeva, Aśvaghoṣa, Ennin, Luong Kim Dinh, Gö Lotsawa, Keiji Nishitani, Rinchen Zangpo, Keian Genju, Jnanasutra, Gorampa, Elizabeth Burns, Jinul, Dhammapala, Won Gwang, Tashi Tsering, Dharmarakṣa, Yungtön Dorjepel, Enchin, Geshe Thupten Jinpa, Hajime Nakamura, Dharmarakshita, Shin'ichi Hisamatsu, Lê Quý Đôn, Maitreya-Nātha, Haribhadra, Ajahn Sundara, Bodhisena, Nick Ribush, Sthiramati, Tanzan, Hiro Sachiya, Sengzhao, Yumo Mikyo Dorje, Uicheon, Buddhapālita, Dagpo Tashi Namgyal, Zhi Dun. Source: Wikipedia. Pages: 552. Not illustrated. Free updates online. Purchase includes a free trial membership in the publisher's book club where you can select from more than a million books without charge. Excerpt: Jet...More: http://booksllc.net/?id=20238168

View from the Buddhist Middle Way by Ian Clark
http://www.december.com/cmc/mag/1997/apr/clark.html


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Zen Teachings of Nagarjuna by Vladimir K
http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/Nagarjuna/zenteachingsofnagarjuna.pdf

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